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</head>
<body class="book">
<div id="header">
<h1>Linux 开源世界</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">Linux 开源世界</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_case">1. case</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_centos_yum_安装_maven">1.1. centos yum 安装 maven</a></li>
<li><a href="#_fdisk_命令">1.2. fdisk 命令</a></li>
<li><a href="#_jenkins_ssh_nohup_无法生效">1.3. Jenkins ssh nohup 无法生效</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lfs_构建">1.4. LFS 构建</a></li>
<li><a href="#_lfs_相关命令接触">1.5. LFS_相关命令接触</a></li>
<li><a href="#_linux_shell">1.6. Linux Shell</a></li>
<li><a href="#_linux_docker_nginx_安装">1.7. Linux docker nginx 安装</a></li>
<li><a href="#_linux_复习笔记">1.8. Linux 复习笔记</a></li>
<li><a href="#_账号密码操作_本质是新增文件记录">1.9. 账号密码操作，本质是新增文件记录</a></li>
<li><a href="#_linux_常用命令">1.10. Linux 常用命令</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ubuntu_常见问题汇总">1.11. Ubuntu 常见问题汇总</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_case">1. case</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_centos_yum_安装_maven">1.1. centos yum 安装 maven</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="http://maven.apache.org/" class="bare">http://maven.apache.org/</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_fdisk_命令">1.2. fdisk 命令</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_认识磁盘">认识磁盘</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>命令 <code>lsblk</code>, 输出如下：</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[root@localhost wangxiao]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   20G  0 disk
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   19G  0 part
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   40G  0 disk
└─sdb1            8:17   0   40G  0 part /home/lfs/future
sr0              11:0    1  4.5G  0 rom</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>sda 表示第一块硬盘</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>sdb 表示第二块硬盘，依次类推，cdefg…</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>sr0 第一个SCSI CD-ROM</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>除了常见的外，还有驱动之类的，/dev/fd0
etc，均不常用，知晓sda/sdb/sdc是属于磁盘即可。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_fdisk_命令_2">fdisk 命令</h4>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[root@localhost bin]# fdisk -h
Usage:
 fdisk [options] &lt;disk&gt;    change partition table
 fdisk [options] -l &lt;disk&gt; list partition table(s)
 fdisk -s &lt;partition&gt;      give partition size(s) in blocks

Options:
 -b &lt;size&gt;             sector size (512, 1024, 2048 or 4096)
 -c[=&lt;mode&gt;]           compatible mode: 'dos' or 'nondos' (default)
 -h                    print this help text
 -u[=&lt;unit&gt;]           display units: 'cylinders' or 'sectors' (default)
 -v                    print program version
 -C &lt;number&gt;           specify the number of cylinders
 -H &lt;number&gt;           specify the number of heads
 -S &lt;number&gt;           specify the number of sectors per track</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>指 /dev/sda、/dev/sda1、/dev/sdb 等等具体磁盘</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>[option] 参数不常用</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>-l/-s 也不常用</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>fdisk [options] 用于操作某个具体的 disk</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_fdisk_options_具体使用">fdisk [options]  具体使用</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>这里以 /dev/sda 为例</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[root@localhost bin]# fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0009e004

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    41943039    19921920   8e  Linux LVM
[root@localhost bin]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help):  m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   g   create a new empty GPT partition table
   G   create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>输入m，查看所有的操作指令</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>常用 n(创建一个新的分区）d(删除一个分区）</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>按照提示，输入指定含义字母，最后输入 w进行保存生效。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>案例：加入一块磁盘 /dev/sdb</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>进入分配： <code>fdisk /dev/sdb</code> 新建分区 <code>n</code> 选择分区类型：
p:主分区，e：扩展分区，空格默认主分区 <code>p</code>
选择起始范围：磁盘有多个扇区组成，输入数字也即起始分区点</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>选择截至范围：磁盘有多个扇区组成，输入数字也即结束分区点</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>写入，并完成分区，在/dev目录下就会多出一个 /dev/sdb1 <code>w</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>格式化/dev/sdb1</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>mkfs[tab][tab] 可以显示支持的文件系统类型</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>挂载到某个目录</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>mount /dev/sdb1 /opt</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>取消挂载 umount /deb/sdb1</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_jenkins_ssh_nohup_无法生效">1.3. Jenkins ssh nohup 无法生效</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>学艺不精</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>场景： jenkins 打包完成后执行服务端的一个shell脚本。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>脚本包含 <code>nohup java -jar ... &amp;</code> 命令</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>问题：始终无法通过nohup启动程序。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>原因：执行命令后jenkins会立即杀掉，所以无法生效</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>解决方案： 在脚本头部加上：</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-shell" data-lang="shell">source /etc/profile
BUILD_ID=dontKillMe</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_lfs_构建">1.4. LFS 构建</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>准备宿主机：</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>使用vm创建一个虚拟机，并安装centos7，只安装命令行模式。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>检查基础软件是否符合要求。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>需要安装 g++ bison byacc texinfo以及升级make到4.0以上。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>加载一块新的磁盘，创建文件系统</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>mkfs -v -t ext4 /dev/</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>设置环境变量LFS</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>挂载新分区</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>mkdir -pv $LFS mount -v -t ext4 /dev/ $LFS</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>上传安装包。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/whatday/article/details/102473679" class="bare">https://blog.csdn.net/whatday/article/details/102473679</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>创建sources文件夹，并授予权限。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>mkdir -v $LFS/sources chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_lfs_相关命令接触">1.5. LFS_相关命令接触</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_fdisk_cfdisk">fdisk cfdisk</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>磁盘操作对象，可以进行分区，关联的知识点有磁盘分区、逻辑分区、主分区，分区数、扇区、柱面等等</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_mount_umount_挂载_接触挂载">mount umount 挂载、接触挂载</h4>

</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_export_环境变量">export 环境变量</h4>

</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_tar_解压">tar 解压</h4>

</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_gcc_gcc_c_c_c编译">gcc gcc-c c/c编译</h4>

</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_源码安装">源码安装</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>出现的问题：</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>宿主没有安装 gcc gcc-c++</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>宿主没有安装bison</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>宿主make版本太老，需要升级。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_linux_shell">1.6. Linux Shell</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/83338411" class="bare">https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/83338411</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_linux_docker_nginx_安装">1.7. Linux docker nginx 安装</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_环境">环境</h4>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Ubuntu 20.04 LTS</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Docker version 20.10.12</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_拉取镜像">拉取镜像</h4>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>docker pull nginx</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>默认拉取最新的，可自行https://hub.docker.com/_/nginx?tab=tags[指定版本]</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_创建挂载文件">创建挂载文件</h4>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre># 存放nginx日志
mkdir /var/log/nginx
# 存放nginx配置
mkdir /opt/nginx</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_临时启动一个nginx_复制配置文件">临时启动一个nginx，复制配置文件</h4>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>docker run -d --name nginx nginx
# 将容器中的nginx主要配置目录复制到宿主机器中，方便修改，并永久保存，保存目录为 /opt/nginx
docker cp nginx:/etc/nginx/ /opt/nginx

# 这个容器启动，主要是为了复制配置文件，因此复制完成后，需要删除，等待修改了nginx配置文件，再重新启动一个容器。
# 停止容器
 docker container stop nginx
# 删除容器
 docker container rm nginx</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_配置nginx文件">配置nginx文件</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>/opt/nginx/</code> 文件目录如下</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>root@VM-20-14-ubuntu:/opt/nginx# ll
total 36
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 17 14:39 ./
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Feb 17 14:14 ../
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 17 14:49 conf.d/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1007 Jan 25 23:03 fastcgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5349 Jan 25 23:03 mime.types
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root   22 Jan 25 23:13 modules -&gt; /usr/lib/nginx/modules
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  648 Jan 25 23:13 nginx.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  636 Jan 25 23:03 scgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  664 Jan 25 23:03 uwsgi_params</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>备注一下：</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>我看了很多文章，都是在 <code>nginx.conf</code>
中进行配置，但实际推荐的是将配置文件放在 <code>conf.d</code>
目录下，里面有一个官方的模板 <code>defualt.conf</code>,
这个配置监听默认的80端口。所以依葫芦画瓢，优雅的方式是复制一个
<code>default.conf</code> 文件，再根据实际修改。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>这里以配置 ssl 访问为例：</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>cd conf.d
# 创建一个目录用于存放证书文件
mkdir certs
# 开始配置https访问
vi https.conf</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>https.conf 内容如下</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name wanghengzhi.com www.wanghengzhi.com;
    # 这里要注意证书的目录（是证书映射到docker容器中的目录） /etc/nginx/conf.d/certs
    ssl_certificate     /etc/nginx/conf.d/certs/wanghengzhi.com_bundle.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/conf.d/certs/wanghengzhi.com.key;
    ssl_session_timeout 5m;
    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
    ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    location / {
    # 这里进行请求代理，将所有 / 请求全部转发到宿主系统 172.17.0.1:8090 应用中（我这里是一个java项目）
        proxy_pass http://172.17.0.1:8090/;
    }
}</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>修改完成后保存配置文件即可, 更全面的配置去查官网手册。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_创建nginx容器_并启动">创建nginx容器，并启动</h4>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>docker run -d --name my-nginx \
-p 80:80 -p 443:443 \
--restart always
-v /opt/nginx/:/etc/nginx \
-v /var/log/nginx-log:/var/log/nginx \
nginx:latest</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>参数说明： - -d: 后台运行 - –name: 容器名字 - -p:
这里映射2个端口，一个80，一个443 - –restart always:
docker启动时，nginx也将启动 - -v: 挂载目录，/opt/nginx/:/etc/nginx 将
宿主系统中 /opt/nginx 挂载到 docker
容器中的/ect/nginx中，这里是配置文件，同理挂载一个日志目录，如果有问题，可以直接查看宿主系统中的日志
/var/log/nginx - nginx:latest: 镜像名称</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_linux_复习笔记">1.8. Linux 复习笔记</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-tutorial.html" class="bare">https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-tutorial.html</a></p>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>复习、复习、复习，当个好学生。</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_linux">Linux</h4>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>开源 GNU</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>类 Unix 系统</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>多用户、多线程、多任务</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>衍生出很多发行版本，用过fedora、arch、centos、ubuntu等等，不过感觉最好的还是ubuntu，主要是网站对国内用户很友好，桌面端、服务器端、iot端都有相应的版本。仁者见仁！</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>搞过LFS, 深刻理解一切即文件</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_linux_系统启动过程">Linux 系统启动过程</h4>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>内核引导 – BIOS,
基本输入输出系统完成硬件检测后，交由BIOS中设置的启动设备，一般即为硬盘，交给内核接管整个硬件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>运行init –
进程的起点，也是后面进程所依赖的，此过程中得进程包含一个运行级别，级别不同，其功能效果也不同。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>系统初始化 – 也即准备整个系统运行的初始环境吧。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>建立终端 – 也即开发访问路径给用户。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>用户登录 — 命令行登录、ssh登录、图形界面登录</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>大致知道个流程即可，如果有深入学习操作系统，再去了解吧，可能永远不会！</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>附带一个关机命令，虽说要保持24*7小时不间断运行，但是个人使用学习时，难免会重启，不过我也在想，那服务器更新了，一定不能重新吗？我估计也不是，估计还是会停机重启维护，这个有点偏运维了。所以说docker才是未来呀。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>同步内存中的数据到硬盘，第一次知道，以前直接关。 <code>sync</code></p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>shutdown 关机，但是要附带参数</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>reboot 重启 等价于 shutdown -r now</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>halt 关机</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_linux中的文件系统">Linux中的文件系统</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>当初搞LFS的时候，就接触了这个，Linux的文件系统遵循分层结构：LSB（Linux
Standard
Base），约定大于配置，国外的东西总有一种指导思想，以前mysql、nginx安装位置的时候总是摸不着头脑，现在发现大家的软件包都准循着规范，大体就能知道配置、数据、主目录所在，不会像以前，摸不着头脑，说实话，这也是一种默契的体现吧。不过感觉我所接触到的团队都没意识到这个的重要性，都喜欢写文档标注。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://blog.51cto.com/u_14483057/2434521#:~:text=%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81Linux%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%9A%20%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81Linux%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%8F%8A%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%EF%BC%9A%20Linux%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%81%B5%E5%BE%AA%E5%88%86%E5%B1%82%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%EF%BC%9ALSB%EF%BC%88Linux%20Standard,Base%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3%E4%BB%A5%E6%A0%B9%E2%80%9C%2F%E2%80%9D%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%80%92%E7%BD%AE%E6%A0%91%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%EF%BC%8C%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83FHS%EF%BC%88Filesystem%20Hierarchy%20Standard%EF%BC%89%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathname.com%2Ffhs%2F%201.%20%2Fboot">这篇文章很详细</a></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>我就根据记忆回顾几个重要的吧。</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>/boot
linux启动流程中，会有的一个重要文件夹，不能动这个文件夹的东西，会影响到整个系统的稳定。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/etc 配置文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/mnt 挂在目录，linux中，一切都是文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/bin 命令所在目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/home 用户所在的主目录，里面具体分用户，root用户有根目录的 /root</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/dev 硬盘设备文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/media 媒体文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/opt 软件包可选安装目录，一般用户安装用户自己的应用。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>主要记录下 /usr 以及 /var</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>usr: universal shared, read-only data（通用共享，只读数据）</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>/usr/local:
一般为第三方应用安装目录，例如nginx、mysql、docker等等，所以安装的就在这里找</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>var: variable data files（可变数据文件）,一般查日志</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>/var/log: 日志文件存放目录</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>安装自己应用在 /opt 中，查找第三方应用/usr/local， 配置文件/etc,
日志/var/log，这些常用，其他的一般用不到。</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_文件的基本属性">文件的基本属性</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>通过ls查询出来的文件列表，最前面一些列为此文件的基本属性</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>第一个字符，为d代表文件夹，为-代表文件</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>后面3个字符一组，共三组，分别是owner、group、other,感觉这个不要翻译成中文，不然反而迷惑。用户、用户所属组、其他用户所有的权限</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>3个字符，rwx, r代表可写，w代表可读，x代表可执行，如果为-，代表没权限</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>drwxrwxrwx 代表：这是个目录，ower,group,other都有rwx权限 -rwxrx—-
代表：这是个文件，ower有rwx权限，group以及other无任何权限</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>还是借用一张图片吧：</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="https://wanghengzhi.com/upload/2022/03/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87-a0ba6a5e25324efd91af3b95ce5b1ab5.png" alt="图片.png">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. 图片.png</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_修改文件的归属以及属性">修改文件的归属以及属性</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>可以修改文件的所有权，使用chown,change
owner，改变文件的拥有者，可以修改文件的rwx权限，使用chmod，change model</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_chown">chown:</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>chown [-R] group:owner filename</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>-R: 如果是文件夹，-R代表递归，将其下所有文件的所有者都改为 group:owner</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_chmod">chmod</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>一次性修改owner/group/other 的权限</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>chmod [-R] xyz filename</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>xyz分别对应 ower、group、other各自的权限之和</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>r: 4 w: 2 x: 1</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>chmod 777 filename</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>第一个7代表owner的权限，x = 4 + 2 + 1 = r + w + x
第二个7代表group的权限，同理 第三个7代表other的权限，同理</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>注： 7 为权限值相加，对应修改即可</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>修改指定 owner 、group 、other的权限</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>+：代表增加权限 -：代表删除权限 =：代表赋值权限 u: 代表owner的权限
g:代表group的权限 o:代表other的权限 a:代表3个所有</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>filename // other 赋值x权限 chmod o=x filename</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>注：其他对象，其他权限，更改对应值即可。</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_文件的操作">文件的操作</h4>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>ls（英文全拼：list files）: 列出目录及文件名</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>cd（英文全拼：change directory）：切换目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>pwd（英文全拼：print work directory）：显示目前的目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>mkdir（英文全拼：make directory）：创建一个新的目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>rmdir（英文全拼：remove directory）：删除一个空的目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>cp（英文全拼：copy file）: 复制文件或目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>rm（英文全拼：remove）: 删除文件或目录</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>mv（英文全拼：move file）: 移动文件与目录，或修改文件与目录的名称</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_用户管理">用户管理</h4>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_用户创建修改删除">用户创建修改删除</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>创建用户以及其主目录</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>useradd -d /home/username -m username</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>删除用户及其主目录</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>userdel -r username</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>修改用户</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>usermod -g groupname username</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>其他属性自查，一般多用于修改所属组</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>切换所属组：</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>newgrp groupname</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_修改密码">修改密码</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>修改自己密码：</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>passwd</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>修改他人密码（root用户）： <code>passwd username</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>限制用户登录(设置密码为空，或者限制账户登录）</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>设置空密码 <code>passwd -d username</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>锁定账号 <code>passwd -l username</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_组">组</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>新增组 <code>groupadd groupname</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>修改组 <code>groupmod groupname</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>删除组 <code>groupdel groupname</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_账号密码操作_本质是新增文件记录">1.9. 账号密码操作，本质是新增文件记录</h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>/etc/passwd: 用户信息列表</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/etc/group: 组信息</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>/etc/shadow: 密码</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_磁盘管理">磁盘管理</h4>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>df: disk full,查看磁盘整体情况，常用 <code>df -h /</code> 查看磁盘占用情况</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>du: disk use, 查看磁盘使用情况</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>fdisk: 操作磁盘，一般用于分区、格式化等等</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://wanghengzhi.com/archives/linuxfdisk%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%98">fdisk操作以前文章</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_vi_vim">vi/vim</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>三种模式：命令行模式、输入模式、底部命令行模式</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>命令行模式：不能对文件进行编辑，可以通过 a/i 字母命令进入输入模式
输入模式：可以修改文件内容，其中也包含很多快捷键进行文本操作
底部命令模式：通过输出：冒号，进入，可以输入命令，常见 q 退出 w 保存。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>常用复制、粘贴、删除命令</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>dd: 删除光标所在行 yy: 复制光标所在行 p/P: 粘贴光标所在行下方/上方 u:
复原前一个动作 ctrl + r: 重做上一个动作 . : 重复上一个动作</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>其他命令查看手册 <a href="https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-vim.html" class="bare">https://www.runoob.com/linux/linux-vim.html</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_linux_常用命令">1.10. Linux 常用命令</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_centos7_防火墙">centos7 防火墙</h4>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_开放端口">开放端口</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=5672/tcp --permanent</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_关闭端口">关闭端口</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-port=5672/tcp --permanent</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>firewall-cmd --reload</code> # 配置立即生效</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_查看开放端口">查看开放端口</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-ports</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_防火墙操作">防火墙操作</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>systemctl start firewalld.service</code>
<code>systemctl stop firewalld.service</code>
<code>systemctl restart firewalld.service</code>
<code>systemctl status firewalld.service`或者 `firewall-cmd --state</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_磁盘操作">磁盘操作</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>查看<strong>当前目录</strong>总共占的容量。而不单独列出各子项占用的容量</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>du -sh</code> <code>du -sh /*</code> 查看指定目录</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>查看当前目录下一级子文件和子目录占用的磁盘容量。</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>du -lh --max-depth=1</code></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_ubuntu_常见问题汇总">1.11. Ubuntu 常见问题汇总</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_ubuntu_20">Ubuntu 20</h4>

</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_设置root密码">设置root密码</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>sudo passwd root</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_开启ssh">开启ssh</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>sudo apt-get install openssh-server openssh-client</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_上下左右变abcd">上下左右变abcd</h4>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>sudo apt-get remove vim-common
sudo apt-get install vim</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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更新于 2024-08-22 22:37:23 CST
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